15 Games To Teach Kids About Social Issues

15 Games To Teach Kids About Social Issues (2) Incorporating games into the classroom is a great way to engage students and increase motivation. But how can social studies and history teachers use games to help students better understand social issues? Our guest contributor and expert on game-based learning, Dr. Matthew Farber, shares his favorite tools: Social impact games are a genre that seek to effect positive changes in society through play. Often, players are put in roles (known as “player agency”) and must make decisions that have impactful consequences. These games are not necessarily designed for teaching; rather, the goal is to enable players to have empathy about  social issues. As a social studies teacher, I have found that they are effective in putting students in authentic situations in which difficult problems get engaged. And like any media you bring to students preview first to check for age appropriateness. Sometimes, I have students play the entirety of a game, while others are played in a learning station, or center, or whole class on the interactive whiteboard. When games have difficult themes (e.g., 1979 Revolution: Black Friday) I unlock one level and monitor the experience. Be sure to assess learning by asking your students about the decisions they made, as well as the reasons behind it! Reflecting and journaling are terrific ways to assess learning from games. This is especially true with the list below; these games can be read like a digital text, interpreted similarly to how film or books are critiqued. Here are some of my favorite social impact games that I use with students (listed alphabetically, not ranked). 1979 Revolution: Black Friday (paid; iPad/PC/Mac) 1979 Revolution: Black Friday is a documentary-style, narrative. It plays like Telltale Games’ The Walking Dead, except it takes place during the 1979 Iranian Revolution.  The protagonist is a photographer, and the game features primary source images. Intense to play, preview first. Ayiti: The Cost of Life (free; PC/Mac) A human rights game in which the player is a young, poverty-stricken child in Haiti. This is one of the first games about serious topics, and the experience lingers with my students. Darfur Is Dying (free; PC/Mac) Another of the first social impact titles, its message still resonates today. Missions task players with foraging for water while outrunning the militia, as well as experiences daily life in a refugee camp. Gone Home (paid, inquire via email about educational bundles; PC/Mac) An award-winning first-person exploration game set in the 1990s. The narrative is pieced together as players find objects in the empty house in which family problems unfold. Check out Parl Darvasi’s blog on how his students “read” Gone Home in his English class. Life Is Strange (paid; PC/Mac) Play as Max Caulfield, a photography student who has a mysterious new power to rewind time. When she does, there is a butterfly effect. The game covers bullying, teen suicide, and fleeting teen friendships. There is coarse language, as well as scenes of bullying. Preview first. Consider using it in high school use with older students, or play yourself to see the potential of games as an artistic medium. Last year Life Is Strange partnered with the Parent Advocacy Coalition for Educational Rights (PACER) for an anti-bullying campaign. The Migrant Trail (free; PC/Mac) Tied to a documentary about undocumented immigrants, players assume two roles: a migrant and a patrol agent. It teaches themes of empathy through simple role-play. Consider having students play twice, as each role, and then complete a Venn diagram or a graphic organizer. Mission US games (free; PC/Mac) There are currently four missions to play:  For Crown or Country,  set in the pre-Revolutionary Boston;  Flight to Freedom, told from the point-of-view of an slave; the award-winning  A Cheyenne Odyssey,  about the plight of the Cheyenne people; and the newly released  City of Immigrants, about life in the tenements of New York City. Never Alone (paid; iPad, PC, Xbox, PlayStation) Never Alone is from E-Line Media and Upper One Games. It is the first game adapted from an In~upiat folk story. The story is a hero’s journey interspersed with unlockable chapters, which are video clips of the people from Cook Inlet. Nightmare: Malaria (free; iPad/Android) Nightmare: Malaria is a social awareness game about malaria. The narrator is voiced by actress Susan Sarandon. The game features facts about malaria and how simple solutions, like nets, can save lives. Papers, Please (paid; iPad and PC/Mac) Papers, Please won multiple awards in 2014. It is an ethical decision-making game set in a fictional communist country during the Cold War. The objective is to checks immigrant papers. The penalty is delayed, such as a reduction in income that can affect the health of your family. (It is recommended for older students; Preview first. suggestive content can be toggled off in “Settings”). Parable of the Polygons (free; iPad/PC/Mac) Parable of the Polygons is an explorable explanation from Nicky Case and Vi Hart. Nominated for a Games for Change award, it simulates segregation and discrimination. The playable blog post is interspersed text with drag-and-drop interactives to drive the message home. To “play”, drag unhappy polygons to the happy polygons. Quandary (free; PC/Mac) An award-winning game about ethical dilemmas, or quandaries. In it, players must assemble a team to colonize a new planet. Last year a new mission on digital citizenship was added. Syrian Journey: Choose Your Own Escape Route  (free; all devices) BBC’s Syrian Journey: Choose Your Own Escape Route is similar to the branched narratives in the classic Choose Your Own Adventure book series. Each ending is different. Consider having students journal as they make difficult choices. That Dragon, Cancer (paid; iPad/PC/Mac) An emotional game about young Joel Green’s battle with cancer, it was conceived and developed by his parents, Ryan and Amy. It is poetic to play, and it is a deeply moving experience. Also look for the documentary about how it was made, Thank You for Playing. Third World Farmer (free; PC/Mac) Third World Farmer is a simulation game about the difficulties of farming in a developing country. Family economics are among the issues to resolve. Similar to independent films, social impact gaming has a community of enthusiasts who recognize achievements with awards and recognition.  The idea is that games, as “new media”â€"compared to “traditional media,” like books, theater, and filmâ€"can influence people in a positive direction. Aside from this list, I recommend reviewing the games curated on the  Games for Change  website.

Analysis Of Tattoos On The Heart, The Power Of Boundless...

Resilience is the power or the ability to return to the original form. â€Å"Resilience is born by grounding yourself in your own loveliness, hitting notes you thought were way out of your range† (94). Father Gregory Boyle says this because he knows that resilience is needed in order to change. Resilience is important because we can become better people by doing things, we thought we couldn’t do. In the book, Tattoos on the Heart, The Power of Boundless Compassion, by Father Gregory Boyle, resilience is essential in our lives because it is the key to do better. My brother, Osvaldo growing up was basically a teacher’s pet and someone I looked up to. He would get good grades, enough to get him Honor Roll and Principal’s Honor Roll. He was always a hard worker, but it all changed when he went to middle school. He was always getting into trouble. He would have to do a weekly reports of all his classes and then turn it in to the counselor. When he went to high school, he was enrolled at Nogales. He was doing okay in school, up until the ending of his freshman year. He was caught smoking near the band room with friends, but took all the blame. That cause a lot of problems because he was kicked out and then had a court case. He went to CDS (Community Day School), to finish off his sophomore year. My mom enrolled him at Rowland High School, in his Junior year. When he got to Rowland, he got some sense knocked into him. He was trying to change his life around. He started takingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Tattoos On The Heart, The Power Of Boundless Compassion Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesWait For It Resilience is the power or the ability to return to the original form. â€Å"Resilience is born by grounding yourself in your own loveliness, hitting notes you thought were way out of your range† (94). Father Gregory Boyle says this because he knows that resilience is needed in order to change. Resilience is important because we can become better people by doing things, we thought we couldn’t do. In the book, Tattoos on the Heart, The Power of Boundless Compassion, Boyle claims resilience isRead MoreWho Gregory Boyle s Tattoos Of The Heart1873 Words   |  8 PagesAlia Claudia P. Lao 142158 TH121 Q May 11, 2016 Gomez, Javier Father Gregory Boyle’s Tattoos of the Heart, tells of his experiences during the time he served in Homeboy Industries and of how he saw God’s work in those who felt as if they had no hope in becoming better people nor getting better lives, and how things turned around for them. In this book, he teaches gangsters that the Kingdom of God is for everyone, that it is never too late to start a loving relationshipRead MoreAnalysis of The Song Candle in the Wind5850 Words   |  17 PagesA HISTORICAL amp; BIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SONG â€Å"CANDLE IN THE WIND† BY ELTON JOHN A Literary Research Presented to The Faculty of Arts in Literature University of the Immaculate Conception Davao City In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Bachelor of Arts Degree, Major in Literature Submitted to Dr. Yda Yap Patron Professor Roxan Vee G. Tampos October 201 â€Å"Candle in the Wind† Goodbye England’s rose, May you ever grow in our hearts,You we’re the grace that place itself

Secrets About Definitional Essay Topics Exposed

Secrets About Definitional Essay Topics Exposed But What About Definitional Essay Topics? Sexism is a wide term, and has been defined dependent on several disciplines. Avoiding plagiarism is extremely critical and a matter of concern in regards to essay writing. An argumentative essay presents either side of a problem. It is a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. What Needs to be Done About Definitional Essay Topics In the debut, that is the very first paragraph of the essay, Myrtle will want to spell out the problem and state her position. Artificial intelligence Definition essays are a frequent type of assignment for a great many college students. New Questions About Definitional Essay Topics Don't forget that a definition paper is rather different from several other essays and you have to balance objective strategy, professional terms and a personalized approach to demonstrate that you're not simply able to collect information but can al so ensure it is interesting for the audience. You should know as much as possible so that the full content of your essay ought to be the origin and the use of the object or the words. Books, needless to say, are the very best source of helpful information. Unlike other sorts of essays, definition papers can fluctuate in their volume. Whenever your students write lengthened definition essays, they might have to think carefully about the structure and mechanics of their writing in addition to the intent of providing such an in depth definition. An essay has become the most common kind of academic paper assigned at the school and college level on any sort of topic, with the major wish to cover a specific parcel of information in the most in-depth way. In such a circumstance, your essay will seem like a manual or instruction. An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do. The Key to Successful Definitional Essay Topics Whenever you need to compose a definition essay, you need to decide on a topic for your discussion. You will describe the method by which the topic that you select is structured. You should make certain that whichever one which you choose, you will work to spell out the topic to your reader so they really understand it. When selecting a definition essay topic, you should understand the topic before you pen the essay for other people to read. As you probably already know, simply because you've got a definition essay topic and a couple examples doesn't signify you've got an essay. Once you will feel your essay is completely complete and you don't have any doubts about its clarity, submit it to your tutor. You've approached the last portion of your essay. To start with, if you're writing definition essay you want to pick a topic which will be interesting. The Tried and True Method for Definitional Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail Sometimes people just can't begin writing t heir essay without looking at an entire instance of somebody else, seeing the structure and the way it's written. When you have quickly looked via the assignment, there's a chance that you've missed some essential points or misunderstood something. Don't attempt at any certain case to borrow ideas from someone because maybe you're nervous about how you're likely to perform on that special subject or maybe the assignment is too hot to deal with, the consequences of plagiarism are extremely serious in comparison to the effects that may accompany you as soon as you turn in a paper late. To begin with, your key to winning essay is a very clear comprehension of what it is you're likely to take care of. The Definitional Essay Topics Pitfall Attempt to pick out a definition, which isn't widely used or which has various interpretations. Should you do, paraphrase the offered definition to prevent issues with plagiarism. There are 3 different varieties of definition essays you may writ e. You will learn the way to compose a definition essay, how to decide on the topic you love the most, how to deal with defining the elaborate conditions. Typically, a definition essay isn't complicated to write. It is a type of essay where you are required to define a particular term in order to explain it to your audience. Also it can be called an elongated definition essay. A protracted definition essay has a quite intriguing structure. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Definitional Essay Topics Select a word which you're acquainted with in deciding on the subject, you ought to go for a word which you're well conversant with so you can easily explain it and give examples that match. Don't use the exact words if you don't need to seem repetitive. The word appears interesting enough so as a prudent student you opt to look this up in the dictionary. Since you may see, there isn't anything complicated about explaining the meanings of distinct words. The Basics of Definitional Essay Topics All essays should have a thesis statement. A definition essay may be one of the simplest kinds of academic paper to comprehend. A p rotracted definition essay can readily be penned with an outline for a guide. To generate the topics you merely must choose definition essay in the sort of essay and set some keywords when you have any on your mind. Also, if you're having someone make a protracted definition essay for you then you need to be certain that they'll be the proper person for the job. The thought of feminism is to earn women and men equal, there are not any exclusions on who can provide help. Naturally, you can begin with a broader concept, and bring the audience to your primary statement. If your teacher doesn't give certain words or terms to define, start looking for the excellent tips on your own.

Sample Introduction Free Essays

Good Afternoon. My name is Joe Dane ; you can call me Mr. Dane. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am a representative of Morgan State University (MSU). I am here to present to you what our prestigious school of higher learning has to offer for potential students like you. Here at MSU, we are a coeducational institution, located in a residential section of Baltimore, Maryland. We are founding members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC). Morgan State is a historically black university, established in 1867 as the Centenary Biblical Institute but was renamed Morgan College in 1890 in honoring of the Reverend Lyttleton Morgan, the first chairman of its Board of Trustees. In our vast school, we are strict and cautious about college entrance rules/regulations. Violations of any rules will be handled by our Office of Student Judicial Affair. We have wide variety of athletic programs, ranging from men and women’s basketball, cross-country, tennis, and track field; Women’s bowling, softball, volleyball, even cheerleading; Also football for our guys. We proudly represent our school mascot, Morgan State University Bear. Now our school makes it possible for you to apply and highly be accepted; in state Tuition is proximately 7,000 and out-of-state proximately 16,340. We require you have a composite score of (2400) for SAT’s and a score of (36) for ACT’s.; High GPA’s are required. Enrollment size would be approximately 1,040 freshmen. At MSU, we offer implement a semester-based curriculum system and offers choices on 64 majors; most popular are Business, Engineering, Nursing, and Communication and Journalism. WE at MSU, have male ratio of 44% compared to female, 56%. While being a historically black institution, we serve students of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. Basically Morgan State University is the best choice for you. Thank You How to cite Sample Introduction, Papers

Sample Introduction Free Essays

Good Afternoon. My name is Joe Dane ; you can call me Mr. Dane. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am a representative of Morgan State University (MSU). I am here to present to you what our prestigious school of higher learning has to offer for potential students like you. Here at MSU, we are a coeducational institution, located in a residential section of Baltimore, Maryland. We are founding members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC). Morgan State is a historically black university, established in 1867 as the Centenary Biblical Institute but was renamed Morgan College in 1890 in honoring of the Reverend Lyttleton Morgan, the first chairman of its Board of Trustees. In our vast school, we are strict and cautious about college entrance rules/regulations. Violations of any rules will be handled by our Office of Student Judicial Affair. We have wide variety of athletic programs, ranging from men and women’s basketball, cross-country, tennis, and track field; Women’s bowling, softball, volleyball, even cheerleading; Also football for our guys. We proudly represent our school mascot, Morgan State University Bear. Now our school makes it possible for you to apply and highly be accepted; in state Tuition is proximately 7,000 and out-of-state proximately 16,340. We require you have a composite score of (2400) for SAT’s and a score of (36) for ACT’s.; High GPA’s are required. Enrollment size would be approximately 1,040 freshmen. At MSU, we offer implement a semester-based curriculum system and offers choices on 64 majors; most popular are Business, Engineering, Nursing, and Communication and Journalism. WE at MSU, have male ratio of 44% compared to female, 56%. While being a historically black institution, we serve students of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. Basically Morgan State University is the best choice for you. Thank You How to cite Sample Introduction, Papers

Strategies for a University and Strategies for an Organization free essay sample

It is important for representatives from all areas of college or university t9o identify and discuss alternative strategies that could be benefit faculty, students, alumni, staff and other constituencies. As you complete this exercise, notice the learning and understanding that occurs as a people express different opinions. Recall that the process of planning is more important than the document. STEP 1 Key External Factors of University Opportunities 1. Provide education to women 2. Offers a wide range of courses . New campus 4. Day care centre 5. Number of permanent faculty members 6. Offers online university degree Threats 1. Transportation 2. Technolgy advances required innovation 3. Lack of faculty 4. Increase in number of universities Key Internal Factor of University Strength: 1. First aid facility 2. Well Reputation 3. Many computer labs 4. Increasing Revenues 5. Construction of new departments 6. Mosque for student’s prayers 7. First women bank limited branch Weaknesse s 1. Administration is not efficient 2. Un availability of multimedia . Management not solves the problem of students. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies for a University and Strategies for an Organization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. Availability of class room. 5. Problem in submission of fee. 6. PCO (Public call office) does not provide full time service to students. STEP 2 Alternative Strategies that could benefit my university: 1. University should arrange their own busses and to provide pick and drop service to the students 2. Allow the students to submit their fee in other branch of first women bank limited located outside the university to over come the load and save the time of students and staff. 3. Construct separate new labs for all the departments with the availability of all required instruments. 4. Atleast one new campus of the university should be located in different provinces of Pakistan. 5. Increase in number of permanent faculty member to make the administration more efficient. 6. New interns should also provide with a facility to teach in the university with their new ideas and capabilities. 7. Make a separate department which not only listen the problems of student but also sort out these problems. 8. Introduce M. phil department with a wide range of courses. 9. To arrange all activities on time, management staff should give all necessary information according to their work. 10. Student should given a chance to participate in more events held outside the university. 11. Teachers should not allow taking classes after 4. 00 pm. 12. Every class has its own multimedia to teach the students in more efficient way. 13. New technology should introduce which help the administration to do their work in more efficient way. 14 Duties of workers on PCO should divide into two shifts which will help the student to take the benefit of full time service. Now a day’s educational institutions are using strategic management techniques and concepts more frequently. This process could enable them to enhance their performance. Through involvement in strategic management activities staff members of the university achieve a better understanding of university’s priorities. Strategic management allows organization to be efficient and allows them to be more effective the strategic planning does not guarantee organizational success it allows the organization to make proactive decision. It also needs the full cooperation and support of all the staff members working in the organization, this can represent a new beginning to a firm. I have share the class result with the administrator of our university and he say that this is a good procedure to identify those factors of university which has negative impact on our organization and they are working on some of those top scoring strategies and trying to implement them as soon as possible, and they’ll also think about the remaining strategies. This exercise focus on how risky various alternative strategies are for organization to pursue. Different degrees of risk are based largely on varying degrees of externality, defined as movement away from present business into new markets and products. In general, the greater the degree of externality, the greater the probability of loss resulting from Un expected events. High risk strategies generally are less attractive then low risk strategies   Number vertically from 1 to 10. DiversificationAdding new or un related products or services 2Horizontal diversificationAdding new or un related products or services for present customers. 3 Backward integrationSeeking ownership or increased control of a firm suppliers 4Product developmentSeeking increased sale by improving present products or services or developing new ones 5liquidationSelling all of company assets, in parts, for their angible worth 6Market penetrationSeeking increased market share for present products or services in present markets through great market efforts 7Market developmentIntroducing present products or service into new geographic area 8Joint ventureWhen two or more companies form temporary partnership for the purpose of capitalizing on some opportunity 9Forward integrationGaining ownership or increased control over distributors or retailers 10 Horizontal integrationSeeking owner ship or increased control over competitors

How and Why Guinea Pigs Were Domesticated

How and Why Guinea Pigs Were Domesticated Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are small rodents raised in the South American Andes mountains not as friendly pets, but primarily for dinner. Called cuys, they reproduce rapidly and have large litters. Today guinea pig feasts are connected with religious ceremonies throughout South America, including feasts associated with Christmas, Easter, Carnival, and Corpus Christi. Modern domesticated adult Andean guinea pigs range from eight to eleven inches long and weigh between one and two pounds. They live in harems, approximately one male to seven females. Litters are generally three to four pups, and sometimes as many as eight; the gestation period is three months. Their lifespan is between five and seven years. Domestication Date and Location Guinea pigs were domesticated from the wild cavy (most likely Cavia tschudii, although some scholars suggest Cavia aperea), found today in the western (C. tschudii) or central (C. aperea) Andes. Scholars believe that domestication occurred between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago, in the Andes. Changes identified as the effects of domestication are increased body size and litter size, changes in behavior and hair coloration. Cuys are naturally gray, domesticated cuys have multicolored or white hair. Keeping Guinea Pigs in the Andes Since both wild and domestic forms of guinea pigs can be studied in a laboratory, behavioral studies of the differences have been completed. Differences between wild and domestic guinea pigs are in some part behavioral and part physical. Wild cuys are smaller and more aggressive  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹and pay more attention to their local environment than domestic ones and wild male cuys do not tolerate each other and live in harems with one male and several females. Domestic guinea pigs are larger and more tolerant of multi-male groups, and exhibit increased levels of social grooming of one another and increased courtship behavior. In traditional Andean households, cuys were (and are) kept indoors but not always in cages; a high stone sill at the entrance of a room keeps cuys from escaping. Some households built special rooms or cubby holes for cuys, or more typically keep them in the kitchens. Most Andean households kept at least 20 cuys; at that level, using a balanced feeding system, Andean families could produce at least 12 pounds of meat per month without decreasing their flock. Guinea pigs were fed barley and kitchen scraps of vegetables, and the residue from making chicha (maize) beer. Cuys were valued in folk medicines and its entrails were used to divine human illness. Subcutaneous fat from the guinea pig was used as a general salve. Archaeology and the Guinea Pig The first archaeological evidence of the human use of guinea pigs dates to about 9,000 years ago. They may have been domesticated as early as 5,000 BC, probably in the Andes of Ecuador; archaeologists have recovered burned bones and bones with cut marks from midden deposits beginning about that time. By 2500 BC, at sites such as the Temple of the Crossed Hands at Kotosh and at Chavin de Huantar, cuy remains are associated with ritual behaviors. Cuy effigy pots were made by the Moche (circa AD 500-1000). Naturally mummified cuys have been recovered from the Nasca site of Cahuachi and the late prehispanic site of Lo Demas. A cache of 23 well-preserved individuals was discovered at Cahuachi; guinea pig pens were identified at the Chimu site of Chan Chan. Spanish chroniclers including Bernabe Cobo and Garcilaso de la Vega wrote about the role of the guinea pig in Incan diets and ritual. Becoming a Pet Guinea pigs were introduced into Europe during the sixteenth century, but as pets, rather than food. Remains of one guinea pig were recently discovered within excavations at the town of Mons, Belgium, representing the earliest archaeological identification of guinea pigs in Europeand similar in time to the 17th-century paintings which illustrate the creatures, such as the 1612 Garden of Eden by Jan Brueghel the Elder. The excavations at the site of a proposed parking lot revealed a living quarter which had been occupied beginning in medieval times. The remains include eight bones of a guinea pig, all found within a middle-class cellar and adjacent cesspit, radiocarbon dated between AD 1550-1640, shortly after the Spanish conquest of South America. The recovered bones included a complete skull and the right part of the pelvis, leading Pigià ¨re et al. (2012) to conclude that this pig was not eaten, but rather kept as a domestic animal and discarded as a complete carcass. Sources History of the Guinea Pig  from archaeologist Michael Forstadt. Asher, Matthias. Large males dominate: Ecology, social organization, and mating system of wild cavies, the ancestors of the guinea pig. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, Tanja Lippmann, Jà ¶rg Thomas Epplen, et al., Research Gate, July 2008. Gade DW. 1967.  The Guinea Pig in Andean Folk Culture.  Geographical Review  57(2):213-224. Kà ¼nzl C, and Sachser N. 1999.  The Behavioral Endocrinology of Domestication: A Comparison between the Domestic Guinea Pig (Cavia apereaf.porcellus) and Its Wild Ancestor, the Cavy (Cavia aperea).  Hormones and Behavior  35(1):28-37. Morales E. 1994.  The Guinea Pig in the Andean Economy: From Household Animal to Market Commodity.  Latin American Research Review 29(3):129-142. Pigià ¨re F, Van Neer W, Ansieau C, and Denis M. 2012.  New archaeozoological evidence for the introduction of the guinea pig to Europe.  Journal of Archaeological Science  39(4):1020-1024. Rosenfeld SA. 2008.  Delicious guinea pigs: Seasonality studies and the use of fat in the pre-Columbian Andean diet.  Quaternary International  180(1):127-134. Sachser, Norbert. Of Domestic and Wild Guinea Pigs: Studies in Sociophysiology, Domestication, and Social Evolution. Naturwissenschaften, Volume 85, Issue 7, SpringerLink, July 1998. Sandweiss DH, and Wing ES. 1997.  Ritual Rodents: The Guinea Pigs of Chincha, Peru.  Journal of Field Archaeology  24(1):47-58. Simonetti JA, and Cornejo LE. 1991.  Archaeological Evidence of Rodent Consumption in Central Chile.  Latin American Antiquity  2(1):92-96. Spotorno AE, Marin JC, Manriquez G, Valladares JP, Rico E, and Rivas C. 2006.  Ancient and modern steps during the domestication of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.).  Journal of Zoology  270:57–62. Stahl PW. 2003.  Pre-columbian Andean animal domesticates at the edge of empire.  World Archaeology  34(3):470-483. Trillmich F, Kraus C, Kà ¼nkele J, Asher M, Clara M, Dekomien G, Epplen JT, Saralegui A, and Sachser N. 2004. Species-level differentiation of two cryptic species pairs of wild cavies, genera Cavia and Galea, with a discussion of the relationship between social systems and phylogeny in the Caviinae.  Canadian Journal of Zoology  82:516-524.